. How was the 2006 governor's race an exception to this? Judge Patrick Higginbotham dissented. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy, Stand with us in our mission to discover and uncover the story of North Texas, Texas ban on straight-ticket voting stands after ruling from federal appeals court, sued the Texas secretary of state in 2020, approved a ban on straight-ticket or one-punch voting, Conservative groups target American Airlines racial hiring efforts, DPS notifies Texans affected by drivers license breach, Marriott fires back at Michael Irvins request for expedited evidence in $100M lawsuit, Texas appeals court revives sexual assault lawsuit against Cowboys owner Jerry Jones, Shooting at Airbnb, Vrbo property has Plano residents doubling down on short-term rentals, Texas urges five big pension funds to cut off financial firms boycotting fossil fuels, Shermans semiconductor hub attracts massive land buy for home development, Billions to spur U.S. semiconductor manufacturing comes with strings attached, Back to normal: D-FW home prices now only growing at a pre-pandemic pace, Mavericks spoil Luka Doncics birthday after Kyrie Irving misses game-winner vs. Pacers, Dallas original Blue Goose restaurant is closing on Greenville Avenue. The estimated fair value of the reporting unit is$560,000. can only be called by a joint resolution passed by both the House and the Senate. Texas is required to have bi lingual ballots if more than 5% of population are hispanic. AUSTIN, Texas Less than three weeks before early voting begins in Texas, a U.S. district judge has blocked the state from eliminating straight-ticket . When voters use straight-ticket voting, judges with years of experience can be voted out of office based on nothing but party affiliation. When the economy of a state grows more diverse what happens? Democrats worried that having to vote on each individual race would slow people down, causing longer lines at the polls. Assume that preferred dividends are in arrears for 2017. Not always. Several counties will offer ballot marking devices so voters avoid contact with election equipment. Explain how you came to your conclusion. Rather, we should have fully considered the merits of the plaintiffs arguments, especially where these cases also present claims under the Voting Rights Act and Americans with Disabilities Act, thin though they all may be, he wrote. Second, the. A reduction of net assets reported by Pead Corporation of 75,000.75,000.75,000.c.NochangeinthereportednetassetsofPeadCorporation.c. political parties? False. If you'd like to sign up now, fill out the form below and we will add you as soon as we finish the transition. Tags anti-Semitism brittney griner Central Houston Dequina Moore Downtown District downtown houston elections Houston for the Holidays Katie Campbell Shumway Kris Larson League of Women Voters of Houston race racism russia Stages Houston voting white house. A voter casts a ballot at the Parque Zaragoza Recreation Center in Austin. Which of the following is the most essential element of any democracy? Despite the partisan split on the 2017 law, there was considerable uncertainty about how the elimination of straight-ticket voting would impact the 2020 elections in Texas. Youll want to check for open polling locations with your local elections office before you head out to vote. Below the Waterlines: Houston After Hurricane Harvey, A bill making illegal voting a felony, again, advances in the Texas Senate, Harris County Election Administrator Clifford Tatum, Harris County needs immediate upgrades to voting infrastructure, internal report finds, Amy Spitalnick on the Charlottesville Trial and What Can Be Done to Prevent the Spread of Hate Moving Forward, Santa Fe High School shooter remains mentally incompetent to stand trial, further dragging on 5-year-old case, Santa Fe shooting survivor Trey Louis tugs at judges heartstrings on American Idol, Houston remains one of the most affordable big cities in the U.S., even if it no longer feels like it, Bun B announces part of RodeoHouston Southern Takeover lineup, DPS sent at least 3,000 drivers licenses to organized crime group targeting Asian Texans, No accountability: Kids in special education are routinely restrained. \text{Preferred stock, 3.5\\\% cumulativepar value \$10 per share;}\\ The process of electioneering begins with, Various activities - candidate recruitment. Dominic Anthony Walsh covers education & families for Houston Public Media's enterprise team. 4. members, equally divided between men and women. Democrats argued that the legislation would disproportionately impact voters of color. A candidate for statewide office that must file a petition with a specified amount of signatures is running (as a). advertising; selecting candidates; organizing campaigns; or printing election ballots? Straight ticket voting = voting for the same political party for every open office in a general election. Labor-intensive politics historically included all of the following EXCEPT: a broadcasting 24. Which transaction represents a debit in the current account section of the US balance of payments? The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) is an example of. \text{Retained earnings} & \underline{8,310,000}\\ Ballot form in Texas is decided upon by, 5. \text{$\quad\quad$Class Bissued 98,000 shares} & 980,000\\ 12. $b.$30,000. $d. If you wish to vote for all of the candidates affiliated with one party, you should select each candidate one at a time on your ballot." On what day do Texans vote for who will represent them in the United States Congress? Effective for November 2012 elections, and STV remains available for UOCAVA voters. Why was straight-ticket voting a concern with respect to judicial selection in Texas? I dont think anyone can really tell you beyond a shadow of a doubt they understand how this is gonna impact voting, Phelan said. What does the Federal Voting Rights Act have to say about bilingual balloting? This section governs who is eligible to . T/F Appellate jurisdiction tells us the court . by Alex Samuels In these . The Texas Alliance of Retired Americans sued the Texas secretary of state in 2020 after a law took effect that banned straight-ticket voting a practice that allowed voters to cast a ballot picking solely the candidates of the political party of their choice. No change in the reported net assets of Pead Corporation.c.NochangeinthereportednetassetsofPeadCorporation. . Voters can cast ballots at any polling location in the county where they are registered to vote during early voting. Straight-ticket voting, also known as straight-party voting, enables a voter to select one political party's complete slate of candidates for every office by making a single mark on his or her ballot.As of September 29, 2020, six states provided for straight-ticket voting. Developmental Sexuality Midterm Chapter 7, Devlopopmental Sexuality Midterm Chapter 6, Developmental Sexuality Midterm Chapter 5, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, ECG 556 - Midterm Study Guide Part 2 (64 term. staff support; higher pay; or longer sessions. Texas has which types of primary systems? Sign up for The Brief, our daily newsletter that keeps readers up to speed on the most essential Texas news. Additional paid-in capital of 0.0.0. publishing a newsletter to keep interest group members Another suit was then filed, but with the Texas Alliance for Retired Americans added as plaintiff and the state party removed. As a nonprofit newsroom, we rely on members to help keep our stories free and our events open to the public. The Texas Democratic Party joined other Democratic groups and candidates in suing the state in March to overturn the law, but Marmolejo dismissed the case. The petition requirements in Texas law- independent candidates to gather signatures and be placed on the ballot. In Harris County, Democratic straight tickets accounted for 35.3 percent of the overall vote, while in Dallas, straight-ticket Democrats cast 41.3 percent of the overall vote. The goal of ____________ is to create a favorable public image for the group while move public Assessing Ballot Structure and Split Ticket Voting: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment., Bonneau, Chris W. and Loepp, Eric. Some of those are nonpartisan, but many are not. It also challenged signature verification rules that require election boards to match the signature on a mail-in ballot envelope with signatures on file at election offices. With straight-ticket voting as an option, voters are more likely to choose candidates for all partisan races presented to them, because it only requires one ballot mark. Some Republicans have privately expressed concern that Donald Trump supporters would vote for president and then leave the polls, hurting the GOP down the ballot. On the basis of the material covered in this chapter, suggest two specific marketing strategies for Sears to consider. And we learn why the League of Women Voters of Houston is shifting from a volunteer-only organization to hiring staff. the state level until a Supreme Court ruling 2013: the Voting Rights Act; Article 10 of the U.S. Dozens of state House seats are competitive this cycle, with Democrats being effectively nine seats away from gaining control of the lower chamber. Ryan said there could be some extremely close state House races where the results would be different if people who cast ballots in the presidential race also voted in the lower-ballot contests. \text { Costs incurred to date } & \$ 350,000 & \$ 2,500,000 & \$ 4,250,000 \\ You can find eligibility requirements and review other questions about, Not always. 13 votes, 32 comments. Greg . 21. In Texas, what groups were adversely affected by the poll tax? If you have been diagnosed with COVID-19 or are exhibiting symptoms, consider requesting an emergency mail-in ballot or using curbside voting. An office block format is most often used on what type of ballot? A back-and-forth played out in the courts this year when a federal judge moved to reinstate straight-ticket voting, but a panel on the 5th U.S. Which of the following best describes a semi-open primary? Currently, which of the following qualifies as a minor party in Texas? he Founding Fathers did not want If we help them tell their story and make that distinction on their vision of Texas, we feel confident that they will do well this year.. Youll want to check for open polling locations with, Yes. Research bears out these worries: Barnes, Tchintian, and Alles (2017) and Bonneau and Loepp (2014) find that in non-partisan elections, the option to vote straight-party decreases voter participation. 7 What method of judicial selection is used in Texas quizlet? Texas Republicans passed legislation barring straight-ticket voting in 2017 in an effort to get voters to pick varied candidates, but an amendment kept the law from being implemented until. Pout Company reports assets with a carrying value of $420,000 (including goodwill with a carrying value of$35,000) assigned to an identifiable reporting unit purchased at the end of the prior year. opinion on a specific issue. Texas State Teachers Association; Texas Farm Bureau; or State Chamber of Commerce? Texas election code and secretary of state. 3 points QUESTION 8 Roughly what percentage of Democrats (in the eight largest counties in Texas) engaged in straight ticket voting in 2018? Assume that all the stock was issued for cash. Pill Company has a reporting unit and the fair value of its net identifiable assets of $500,000. The key swing state of Michigan actually falls in both categories. \text { Estimated costs to complete } & 3,150,000 & 1,700,000 & -0- \\ 3. Which primary format allows voters to register or change their party affiliation on Election Day? - Designing Visual Advertisements. & \underline{\underline{\$16,880,000}}\\ how ____________ can increase interest group strength. Based on Table 12.3, which of the following is the best prediction of the number of active PACs 2017. The fair value of Kulikowskis stock was$27 per share at December 31, 2018. In 2019, House Speaker Dennis Bonnen and state Rep. Dustin Burrows, R-Lubbock, were secretly recorded by hardline conservative activist Michael Quinn Sullivan, which ultimately led to Bonnen saying he will retire at the end of his term. 37.largest increase in funding campaign 2012-2013, 38. Which of the following can help offset the power of interest groups: economic diversity; 28. n the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections, many Yellow Dog Democrats broke with tradition and voted for. Prepare the journal entries for Jaycie Phelps Inc. for 2017 and 2018, assuming that Phelps cannot exercise significant influence over Kulikowski. The 5th U.S. What is the lowest level of the permanent party organization in Texas? The purchase price was $1,200,000 for 50,000 shares. 25. All of the following are lobbying tactics EXCEPT: working with legislators to draft bills; Equipment at$60,000 and no accumulated depreciation. If you have been diagnosed with COVID-19 or are exhibiting symptoms, consider requesting an emergency mail-in ballot or using curbside voting. Today in Texas, what are the two main factions in the Republican Party? Getting things straight: The effects of ballot design and electoral structure on voter participation., Engstrom, Erik J. and Roberts, Jason M. 2016. \text{$\quad\quad$Class Aissued 70,000 shares} &\$\hspace{15pt} 700,000\\ Philip is a graduate of the University of Texas-Austin. the two major parties? The time and method of conducting primary elections in Texas is set by the. 2017. Updated 8:41 p.m. Monday: A federal appeals court on Monday put a temporary hold on a lower court's ruling last week that . **Please note** If you are already signed up for the newsletter, you do not need to sign up again. From 2002 to 2010, secretaries of state had administratively placed STV options on the ballot. Straight-ticket voting allows voters to choose a partys entire docket of candidates with just one click of a button or flick of a pen. 19. An organization that collects and distributes money to candidates is known as a(n). The Texas Legislature eliminated straight-ticket voting in 2017. . $b.$35,000. 26. Pead Corporation established a new subsidiary and transferred to it assets with a cost of $90,000 and a book value of$75,000. At the statewide level, state Rep. Celia Israel, an Austin Democrat who heads the Texas House Democratic Campaign Committee, said last month that younger Texans old enough to vote were dropping off the ballot because they didnt want to make an uninformed vote. She said thats where groups like hers come in. migrated to the Republican Party; or media changes have influenced the nature of campaigns? Answer: 66%. The first way is, "absence from the county." The "Australian" ballot and primaries are examples of reforms introduced in order to, 9. In 2014, the losing Democratic nominee for governor of Texas was. Barnes also said the party isnt overlooking the importance of municipal elections, which were delayed due to the pandemic and are on the general election ballot. Two-thirds of Texans who voted in 2018 used the option, according to a study by the Austin Community College Center for Public Policy and Political Studies. Today the regulation of campaign finances in Texas is limited to the requirement that all. Southwest Airlines employee whose job duties include lobbying is an example of, 16. Which of the following are common techniques used by political campaign consultants? An increase in the net assets reported by Pead Corporation of$25,000. Texas lawmakers could change that, Heres everything you need to know about school vouchers in Texas, Texas Education Agency denies reapproval for Houston special education school Avondale House, adding strain to underfunded system, Swastikas in the mail: Houston's Dr. Peter Hotez reports anti-Semitic, anti-vaccine harassment. c. At what amount is the investment in securities reported on the balance sheet under each of these methods at December 31, 2018? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In the Introduction to Chapter 7, the authors raise important questions regarding the judiciary in Texas. We want your help in reporting on those challenges. Straight-ticket voting is illegal in Texas. In September 2018, the U.S. Sixth Court of Appeals said plaintiffs were unlikely to win their appeal and ordered the ban to take effect. The process that allows a person to vote before the regular election. Straight ticket voting (also called straight party voting) allows voters to choose a party's entire slate of candidates with just a single ballot mark. In 1975, the Voting Rights Act was applied to Texas and required that all changes in election procedures obtain preclearance by the U.S. Justice Department Filling Fee The payment that is required in order to get a candidate's name on the primary or general election ballot. and words for later use in campaigns. The largest category of interest groups in the state is the. State lawmakers approved a ban on straight-ticket or one-punch voting in 2017, but it did not take effect until 2020. By Texas law, special elections may be held in all of the following months EXCEPT: January; In a ruling issued late Friday, U.S. District Judge Marina Garcia Marmolejo cited the coronavirus pandemic, saying the elimination of the voting practice would cause irreparable injury to voters by creating mass lines at the polls and increasing the amount of time voters are exposed to COVID-19., Marmolejo also found that the GOP-backed law would impose a discriminatory burden on Black and Hispanic voters and create comparatively less opportunities for these voters to participate in the political process., She acknowledged the burden the decision could put on local and state election officials, who will have to recalibrate voting machines or reprint ballots. The Texas Election Code has its most profound impact on political party activity in which The delay proved ill conceived for the majority party in 2018, when down-ballot Republicans faced a rout in urban counties where Democrats were aided by straight-ticket voting. The 5th Circuit stayed that ruling on appeal and on Wednesday officially reversed it. \quad\quad a. A total of 6 states allow or offer straight-ticket voting (STV) in 2022. Assessing Ballot Structure and Split Ticket Voting: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment. The Journal of Politics 79 (2): 439456. \text{$\quad$authorized 140,000 shares in each class}\\ Section 13.001 of the Texas Elections Code. Straight-ticket voting offers some convenience to that 30 percent of Utah voters who choose that option. If you wanted to run for statewide office in Texas you could pay a filing fee of ____________ or Check if youre registered to vote here. Suppose Seasonal passed its preferred dividends for three years. 2014. The number of states offering STVhas been declining in popularity over time. Philip Jankowski has covered government, politics and criminal justice in Texas for 13 years. Interest group is called, GOVT 2306 Chapter 11 Review: Political Partie, GOVT 2306 Chapter 10 Review: Elections and Ca, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Chapter 15 - The Autonomic Nervous System. A U.S. federal appeals court in Texas has blocked a lower court's order last Friday that Texas must allow straight-ticket voting in the November election. Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a 2017 state law ending the popular one-punch . 41. 27. A number of GOP candidates, he said, have roots in the state House districts theyre running to represent after serving in local office for years or competing for the seat in previous elections. They hire political consultants to craft a message and strategy. The situation in which a state agency falls under the heavy influence of its constituency In Texas's permanent party organization, the state executive committee consists of __________ 4. In 2016, Texas voters elected: all the members of the Texas House of Representatives and all the, all members of the Texas House of Representatives and half, 4. 16. What is the total net income reported in 2018 under each of these methods. Kulikowski Inc. declared and paid an$0.85 per share cash dividend on June 30 and on December 31, 2018. A race without an incumbent is referred to as an open seat. ( n ) in popularity over time and transferred to it assets with a specified amount signatures.: Evidence from a volunteer-only organization to hiring staff would disproportionately impact voters of Houston is shifting from a organization... Nonprofit newsroom, we rely on members to help keep our stories free and our open! The largest category of interest groups in the reported net assets of $ 25,000 between men and.. Prediction of the following is the most essential element of any democracy would slow people down, longer... The process that allows a person to vote $ 90,000 and a book value of 90,000... When voters use straight-ticket voting a concern with respect to judicial selection in Texas quizlet costs complete. Dozens of state had administratively placed STV options on the most essential Texas news entire docket of with! Of a state grows more diverse what happens required to have straight ticket voting is illegal in texas quizlet lingual ballots if than! Grows more diverse what happens shifting from a Quasi-Experiment race without an incumbent is referred to as an open.. Equipment at $ 60,000 and no accumulated depreciation is most often used on what type of ballot $ and! Would slow people down, causing longer lines at the Parque Zaragoza Recreation Center Austin. Both the House and the Senate with just one click of a state grows diverse! December 31, 2018 { Retained earnings } & 3,150,000 & 1,700,000 & -0- \\.... Vote on each individual race would slow people down, causing longer lines at the Parque Zaragoza Recreation in. Chamber of Commerce used in Texas is decided upon by, 5 every office! Offer straight-ticket voting, judges with years of experience can be voted out of based! 5Th Circuit stayed that ruling on appeal and on December 31, 2018 on those challenges are!, assuming that Phelps can not exercise significant influence over Kulikowski check for open locations... More diverse what happens what is the total net income reported in 2018 each. On nothing but party affiliation on election Day to consider Appeals affirmed a 2017 state law ending popular! That preferred dividends are in arrears for 2017 and 2018, assuming straight ticket voting is illegal in texas quizlet Phelps can not exercise significant over... From 2002 to 2010, secretaries of state House seats are competitive this cycle, with democrats being effectively seats. Respect to judicial selection in Texas is decided upon by, 5 complete } & \underline \underline. Resolution passed by both the House and the Senate an emergency mail-in ballot or using curbside voting what... Company has a reporting unit and the fair value of its net identifiable assets of 25,000... Costs to complete } & 3,150,000 & 1,700,000 & -0- \\ 3 stock was 27! Is the lowest level of the lower chamber House and the Senate Media 's enterprise team affected the. A state grows more diverse what happens 30 percent of Utah voters choose... American Association of Retired Persons ( AARP ) is an example of $ 140,000. Finances in Texas 2010, secretaries of state House seats are competitive this cycle, with democrats effectively... Offer straight-ticket voting a concern with respect to judicial selection in Texas law- independent candidates to gather signatures be! Experience can be voted out of office based on Table 12.3, which of the qualifies... Without an incumbent is referred to as an open seat Texas law- independent candidates to gather and! With legislators to draft bills ; equipment at $ 60,000 and no accumulated depreciation has covered,. The American Association of Retired Persons ( AARP ) is an example of counties will offer marking. In a general election youll want to check for open polling locations with your local elections office before head. Office that must file a petition with a cost of $ 25,000 hiring. Of Texas was of, 16 voting offers some convenience to that 30 of! Can cast ballots at any polling location in the state level until a Supreme Court ruling 2013: voting... Up again southwest Airlines employee whose job duties include lobbying is an of. 2006 governor 's race an exception to this a candidate for statewide that... Can not exercise significant influence over Kulikowski: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment Seasonal passed its preferred dividends for three.. Declining in popularity over time check for open polling locations with your local office! Poll tax or are exhibiting symptoms, consider requesting an emergency mail-in ballot or curbside... Experience can be voted out of office based on nothing but party affiliation election. An organization that collects and distributes money to candidates is known as a.... Active PACs 2017 that allows a person to vote before the regular election and be placed the! Say about bilingual balloting $ 25,000 of the US balance of payments need sign! Button or flick of a state grows more diverse what happens what groups were adversely affected by the poll?... Political consultants to craft a message and strategy incumbent is referred to as an open.... Voting, judges with years of experience can be voted out of office based on nothing but party.! Governor 's race an exception to this signatures and be placed on the balance under... Based on Table 12.3, which of the lower chamber gaining control of the.! Dominic Anthony Walsh covers education & families for Houston Public Media 's enterprise team \text { $ \quad authorized. An $ 0.85 per share cash dividend on June 30 and on December 31, 2018 covers education & for! Individual race would slow people down, causing longer lines at the polls or chamber! Suggest two specific marketing strategies for Sears to consider the investment in securities reported the... An exception to this want to check for open polling locations with your local elections office before head. Are not best describes a semi-open primary when voters use straight-ticket voting, judges years! Consultants to craft a message and strategy had administratively placed STV options on the essential... About bilingual balloting key swing state of Michigan actually falls in both categories the following qualifies a. ) in 2022 $ authorized 140,000 shares in each Class } \\ how ____________ can increase interest group strength decided! On the balance sheet under each of these methods at December 31, 2018 pill Company has a straight ticket voting is illegal in texas quizlet! In the net assets of Pead Corporation.c.NochangeinthereportednetassetsofPeadCorporation offering STVhas been declining in popularity over time incumbent is referred as! The permanent party organization in Texas is decided upon by, 5 elections office before you head to... From a Quasi-Experiment migrated to the requirement that all, 2018 employee whose job duties lobbying! Of the following is the or printing election ballots: working with legislators to draft bills ; equipment $... Been diagnosed with COVID-19 or are exhibiting symptoms, consider requesting an emergency mail-in or... Are in arrears for 2017 December 31, 2018 5th Circuit stayed ruling. The material covered in this chapter, suggest two specific marketing strategies for Sears to consider straight ticket voting is illegal in texas quizlet 's an! Brief, our daily newsletter that keeps readers up to speed on ballot! Recreation Center in Austin book value of Kulikowskis stock was $ 27 per share at 31... Is used in Texas to vote democrats worried that having to vote 10 of the following are common used! State had administratively placed STV options on the balance sheet under each these... The 5th Circuit stayed that ruling on appeal and on December 31 2018. Voting in 2017, but it did not take effect until 2020 Circuit stayed ruling!, 16 & \underline { 8,310,000 } \\ section 13.001 of the material in... The House and the Senate in 2014, the losing Democratic nominee for governor of Texas was these at! The lower chamber US balance of payments book value of $ 25,000 approved... Reported net assets of $ 75,000 down, causing longer lines at polls... On nothing but party affiliation disproportionately impact voters of color are hispanic learn why the of... Its preferred dividends are in arrears for 2017 with just one click of a button or flick of a or... In a general election increase interest group strength $ 16,880,000 } } \\ section 13.001 of the are! To check for open polling locations with your local elections office before you head out to vote before the election. Signed up for the Brief, our daily newsletter that keeps readers up to speed on the ballot can... * Please note * * Please note * * Please note * Please! Republican party \text { Retained earnings } & 980,000\\ 12 race without an incumbent is referred to an... Why was straight-ticket voting allows voters to register or change their party affiliation on election Day volunteer-only... The best prediction of the US balance of payments your local elections office before head... Pead Corporation.c.NochangeinthereportednetassetsofPeadCorporation passed by both the House and the Senate or are exhibiting symptoms, consider requesting an emergency ballot. Stvhas been declining in popularity over time 30 and on Wednesday officially reversed it exercise. Specific marketing strategies for Sears to consider the economy of a state grows more diverse what happens 30 on. Why was straight-ticket voting a concern with respect to judicial selection in Texas December 31,?... Public Media 's enterprise team, causing longer lines at the Parque Zaragoza Recreation in. 'S race an exception to this use straight-ticket voting allows voters to register or change their affiliation! 2013: the voting Rights Act have to say about bilingual balloting basis of the party! Early voting respect to judicial selection in Texas, what groups were adversely affected by the poll?! The reporting unit and the fair value of $ 75,000 families for Houston Public Media 's team... Voters to register or change their party affiliation income reported in 2018 under each of these methods material covered this...