The US is a large country, the third largest in the world by area. This feature is known as? Who chooses a primary care physician in an HMO plan? All managed care plans have guidelines in place to help them figure out what care is medically necessary, and what isnt. Which of the following is true regarding the agents appointments? Since then, he incurs medical expenses. No managed care health plan will pay for care that isnt medically necessary. Geographic areas C. Type of physician services available D. Community rating system B. What are the three basic coverages for medical expense insurance? [5] Some[6] have asserted that HMOs (especially those run for profit) actually increase administrative costs and tend to cherry-pick healthier patients. C. three-fourths. b. personal oriented personality Youll have to designate a doctor, who will be responsible for your healthcare needs, including your primary care and referrals. By where the HMO can find the least expensive physicians B . It's important that you follow the plan's rules, like getting prior approval for a certain service when the plan requires it. A value that is typically based on a crediting rate that the insurance company sets. The country has 48 contiguous states, the capital's federal district, and the two non . How much coverage must be provided for delivery by Caesarean section? That said, the federal government does maintain some oversight on health maintenance organizations. For instance, there are usually very strict definitions of what constitutes an emergency. This allows insured parties to get a higher quality of care from providers who are contracted with the organization. C. A permanent resident lawfully present in the US Become familiar with your HMO plan and read the fine print. Individual insurance does not require medical examinations, while group insurance does require medical examinations. The full definition of all HMO's can be found in the Housing Act 2004 Sections . A waiver of premium provision may be included with what type of health insurance policies? HMOs provide health insurance coverage for a monthly or annual fee. However, there doesn'n always have to be one correct answer. As mentioned earlier, states are usually considered sovereign entities and have the right to vote on important matters. In 1970, the number of HMOs declined to fewer than 40. Traditional health insurance, on the other hand, charges higher premiums, higher deductibles, and higher co-pays. A The insurer can increase the policy premium on an individual basis. D. Insureds, According to the provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, all of the following are required preventive care services EXCEPT On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 19. Elizabeth Davis, RN, is a health insurance expert and patient liaison. Deductible: Whats the Difference? HealthCare.gov. In the United States, a health maintenance organization (HMO) is a medical insurance group that provides health services for a fixed annual fee. How to get started in real estate. Who Needs It? Health insurance plan & network types: HMOs, PPOs, and more. Put a stellar sales leader in place. To prevent overutilization of the policy benefits. This means that you are responsible for any costs incurred if you see someone out of the network, even if theres no contracted doctor in your area. B. Draw a histogram to describe these data. Are Health Insurance Premiums Tax-Deductible? What is the main deductible between coinsurance and copay? That has been changing, however, as plans have reduced the size of their provider networks and taken other steps to control costs. A major difference between territories and states is sovereignty. Health Insurance Marketplace is a registered trademark of the Department of Health and Human Services. The insurer can increase the policy premium on an individual basis. Early detection through regular checkups. For example, if you are selecting health insurance through your employer, there may only be one or two options, or there may be multiple. Most HMOs have been subdivided from larger houses designed for and occupied by one family. Another follows a group of six amateur actors rehearsing the play which they are to perform before the wedding. Converting a Property into a HMO. Which of the following is NOT a feature of a noncancellable policy. The federal government was slow to issue regulations and certify plans until 1977, when HMOs began to grow rapidly. Onion transplants can be grown in the fall or spring (planting time depends on your growing region). d. individualism. Kaiser Family Foundation. An individual who needs to secure health insurance may find a variety of insurance providers with unique features. Specifically, human resources are one of defined as the different kinds of clinical and non-clinical three principle health system inputs, with the other two staff responsible for public and individual health inter- major inputs being physical capital and consumables [1]. A disadvantage is that out-of-network deductibles tend to be high for POS plans, so patients who use out-of-network services will pay the full cost of care out of pocket until they reach the plans deductible. HMOs typically come with low or no deductibles and charge relatively low co-pays. Fill a prescription at an out-of-network pharmacy or get your blood tests done by the wrong lab, and you could be stuck with a bill for hundreds or even thousands of dollars. With an HMO, you typically need a referral for the following: The purpose of the referral is to ensure that the treatments, tests, and specialty care are medically necessary. Premiums are fixed for the lifetime of the policyholder. Out-of-pocket costs will vary dramatically, depending on your plan and healthcare choices. Peter R. Kongstvedt, "The Managed Health Care Handbook," 4th edition, Aspen Publishers, Inc., 2001, Peter R. Kongstvedt, "The Managed Health Care Handbook," Fourth Edition, Aspen Publishers, Inc., 2001, p. 1322, Federal Employees Health Benefits Program, Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly, Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act, Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Association of Insurance Commissioners, "BBC News - G-I - Health Maintenance Organization / HMO", "Do HMO Plans Reduce Expenditure in the Private Sector? The insured should have her husband named as what type of beneficiary? A waiver of premium provision may be included with which kind of health insurance policy? An insured is hospitalized with a back injury. Average charge for a given procedure in the specific geographic area. Healthcare.gov. Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. For an HMO group comprised of 1,000 patients, the PCP would be paid $500,000 per year and, in return, be expected to supply all authorized medical services to the 1,000 patients for that year. B. Minimums Broker c. socially oriented personality [3] Unlike traditional indemnity insurance, an HMO covers care rendered by those doctors and other professionals who have agreed by contract to treat patients in accordance with the HMO's guidelines and restrictions in exchange for a steady stream of customers. In individual health insurance coverage, the insurer must cover a newborn from the moment of birth, and if additional premium payment is required, allow how many days for payment? An insurance institution or agent that discloses information in violation of the information privacy and disclosure statutes of NC will be liable for? Check if you qualify for a Special Enrollment Period. PPO plans are the oldest anddue to their flexibility and relatively low out-of-pocket costshave been the most popular managed healthcare plans. You also need to have a primary care provider, which is the healthcare professional you'd see for checkups and most general care. This concerns the limited validity and enforceability of the patent in national territory. Coinsurance vs. Copays: What's the Difference? B. A copay is a set amount you pay each time you use a particular service. However, in the individual health insurance market, where about 6% of the U.S. population got their coverage in 2019, HMOs tend to have much higher deductibles and out-of-pocket costs. The Right HMO Coverage, for the Right Care. AN employee becomes insured under a PPO plan provided by his employer. C. Type of physician services available An HMO combines medical care delivery and funding in one organization A characteristic of preferred provider organizations (PPO) is a. PPOs operate like an HMO on a prepaid basis b. if service is obtained outside the PPO, benefits are reduced and costs increase c. PPOs are generally public in nature rather than private d. Premiums, or the amount you pay each month to have the plan, tend to be lower with HMOs than other health insurance options. That means they monitor doctors to see if they are performing more services for their patients than other doctors, or fewer. According to the PPACA metal levels classification, if a health plan is expected to cover 90% of the cost for an average population, and the participants would cover the remaining 10%, what type of plan is that? In the network model, an HMO will contract with any combination of groups, IPAs (Independent Practice Associations), and individual physicians. If thats the case, you dont have to worry anymore. With an HMO, a referral from a primary care provider is typically required before you go to any specialists or order medical equipment. What type of health insurance would pay for hiring a replacement for an important employee who becomes disabled? Preferred Provider Organization (PPO), Health Insurance: Definition, How It Works, Group Health Insurance: What It Is, How It Works, Benefits, Affordable Care Act (ACA): What It Is, Key Features, and Updates, Choosing Bronze, Silver, Gold, or Platinum Health Plans, Health Maintenance Organization (HMO): What It Is, Pros and Cons, Preferred Provider Organization (PPO): Definition and Benefits, Point-of-Service (POS) Plan: Definition, Pros & Cons, Vs. HMO. Prepaid Plans What is a fee-for-service health plan? An individual has more responsibility to manage the retirement savings in a Defined Benefit Plan compared to a Defined Contribution Plan. Theres also a very good likelihood that youll have to deal with the insurer itself. Definition in Health Care and Examples, How to Cut Your Costs for Marketplace Health Insurance, How to Apply for Financial Assistance to Pay for Health Insurance. With an HMO plan, you must always see your PCP first, who will then refer you to an in-network specialist. I have a two bedroom flat in a large purpose built block in the city centre. If you submit a claim during the grace period, what will the insurance company do? By where the HMO can find the least expensive physicians B. Find out if you qualify for a Special Enrollment Period. Experimental treatments and elective services that are not medically necessary (such as elective plastic surgery) are almost never covered. HMO Versus PPO: Plan Comparison As mentioned above, Differences between HMO (Health Maintenance Organization) and PPO (Preferred Provider Organization) plans include network size, ability to see specialists, costs, and out-of-network coverage. With an HMO plan, your primary care physician (PCP) will refer you to specialists, and you must stay within a network of providers to receive coverage. C. Insured only The McCarran-Ferguson Act of 1945 established that even though the insuring or provision of healthcare may be national in scope, the regulation of insurance should be largely left to the states. One of the most popular ways to structure a sales territory plan is to divide up accounts according to geographic location. By where the HMO can find the least expensive physicians They are licensed by the states, under a license that is known as a certificate of authority (COA) rather than under an insurance license. D. sellers if the supply of candy is perfectly elastic. What are the 2 types of Flexible Spending Accounts? What insurance principle means something of value that each party gives to the other. Signed by then-President Richard Nixon, the law clarified the definition of HMOs as a public or private entity organized to provide basic and supplemental health services to its members. The law further requires that plans provide insured individuals with basic healthcare in exchange for regular, fixed premiums that are established under a community rating system.. Other types of managed care health insurance include: According to the Kaiser Family Foundation's annual health benefits survey, 13% of employees with employer-sponsored health benefits had HMO coverage as of 2020, versus 47% of employees covered by PPOs. Answers: Apples, pears, oranges, bananas. Premiums are NOT tax deductible and benefits are NOT taxable. [citation needed] If an HMO only contracts with providers meeting certain quality criteria and advertises this to its members, a court may be more likely to find that the HMO is responsible, just as hospitals can be liable for negligence in selecting physicians. From the perspective of Process reality, Western modernist philosophical and practical conclusions about experienced reality and practical wisdom fall prey to what Alfred North Whitehead calls the fallacy of misplaced concreteness (1925, 1929/1978). An insured wants to name her husband as the beneficiary of her health policy. For example, you may have a $30 copay each time you see your primary care provider. HMOs can be more affordable than other types of health insurance, but they limit your choices of where to go and who to see. Geographic areas An individual who was previously covered by group health insurance for 6 months is eligible. Open-access and point-of-service (POS) products are a combination of an HMO and traditional indemnity plan. Medical professionals must be part of the plans network. 1, (Jan., 1975), pp. An HMO is made up of a group of medical insurance. The insurer must do all of the following EXCEPT. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our. Regarding a PPO, which of the following is correct when selecting a primary care physician? An applicant has a history of heart disease in his family, so he would like to buy a health insurance policy that strictly covers heart disease. Individual physicians are employed by the group practice, rather than by the HMO. When deciding whether to choose an HMO plan, you should take into consideration the cost of premiums, out-of-pocket costs, any requirements you may have for specialized medical care, and whether its important to you to have your own primary care physician (PCP). Which provision concerns the insureds duty to provide the insurer with reasonable notice in the event of a loss? HMOs have their own network of doctors, hospitals and other healthcare providers who have agreed to accept payment at a certain level for any services they provide. If you dont travel frequently, youll be better off with an HMO plan than a POS plan because of the lower costs. In 1971, Gordon K. MacLeod developed and became the director of the United States' first federal HMO program. An employee becomes insured under a PPO plan provided by his employer. Plain text explanation available for any plan in any state. Geographic areas A man's physician submits claim information to his insurer before she actually performs a medical procedure on him. Please check below to know the answer. With an HMO plan, you must stay within your network of providers to receive coverage. The insureds income at the time of policy application. Health care accounts and dependent care accounts, Under a fee-for-service plan, providers receive payments for each service provided. B. This article will discuss how HMOs work, their requirements, and what other types of insurance options are available. If not, youre responsible for the entire cost. But health insurance plans are much more flexible. Youll be stuck paying the bill yourself. How to Compare Health Insurance Plans: Aetna vs. Cigna, Employee Benefits: How to Know What to Choose, Insurance and Giving Birth: What You Need to Know. Since 1990, most HMOs run by managed care organizations with other lines of business (such as PPO, POS and indemnity) use the network model. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. The premiums for a POS plan fall between the lower premiums offered by an HMO and the higher premiums of a PPO. There are several restrictions for those covered under HMOs, which is why these plans have such a bad reputation. Under what type of care do insurers negotiate contracts with health care providers to allow subscribers access to health care services at a favorable cost? HMO vs. PPO Plans What Are the Differences?, CT Health Channel. However, Ross-Loos Medical Group, established in 1929, is considered to be the first HMO in the United States; it was headquartered in Los Angeles and initially provided services for Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (DWP) and Los Angeles County employees. Creating territories based on the physical location of customers is a straightforward method for identifying sales areas and distributing them to sales reps. 1. PPOs. Meet with a licensed Independence Blue Cross insurance agent who . It always refers to a multiple-choice question. The contribution and the benefit are unknown 2013 Blue Essentials (HMO-POS) - H2425-002- in MN Plan Benefits Explained POS plans require the policyholder to make co-pays, but in-network co-pays are often just $10 to $25 per appointment. However, the beneficiary cost sharing (e.g., co-payment or coinsurance) may be higher for specialist care. If you are purchasing insurance on your own, the options vary by state. Subscribers D. Community rating system, On a major medical insurance policy, the amount that an insured must pay on a claim before the insurer will pay is known as D. Prospective review, An insured is receiving hospice care. Cost and choice are the 2 features that set HMOS apart from other healthcare plans. A major source of income for the people of the Sahel is farming. When an individual is covered under two health insurance policies that have duplicate benefits which could make a claim for benefits because of an injury or illness profitable, it is called? Eng Human11 Patient - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. If a PCP leaves the network, subscribers are notified and are required to choose another PCP from within the HMO plan. The applicant is 65 years old and has just enrolled in Medicare Part A and Part B. What are the tax implications for contributions to a Health Savings Accounts by the individual insured? Unsere Bestenliste Mar/2023 Ausfhrlicher Produktratgeber Beliebteste Lego 41027 Aktuelle Angebote Preis-Le. Consistently keep track of your data and customer needs. Practice sound cadence management. Become familiar with the plan to see if it makes sense for your individual health situation. Options A. I hope you got the correct answer to your question. HMO plans require that participants first receive medical care services from an assigned provider known as the primary care physician (PCP). Deciding how to divide sales territories create the most efficient environment for your sales team is more difficult than just drawing lines on a map. Hospital, surgical and medical Who are the parties in a group health contract? What is another name for old age, survivors, and disability insurance benefits? injuries caused by war, intentionally self-inflicted injuries, injuries covered by workers compensation, regular dental/vision/hearing care, custodial care, and elective cosmetic surgery. In exchange for a larger network of physicians and more freedom, members typically pay a higher monthly premium. This book aims to assist students in writing a term paper in the social sciences or humanities. In cases where a subscriber receives urgent care while out of the HMO network region, the HMO may cover the expenses. What determines the profit-maximizing quantity of output ? The nine most common structures include: 1. Another aspect of sovereignty lies . There is a clear constitutional distinction between provinces and territories. Aetna offers individuals two options: the Aetna HMO and the Aetna Health Network Only plan. Previously this type of HMO was common, although currently it is nearly inactive. How are HMO territories typically divided? Sign-up for our free Medicare Part D Newsletter, Use the Online Calculators, FAQs or contact us through our Helpdesk -- Powered by Q1GROUP LLC and National Insurance Markets, Inc How are HMO territories typically divided? It remains with the originating employer How can an HMO member see a specialist? HMOs often provide preventive care for a lower copayment or for free, in order to keep members from developing a preventable condition that would require a great deal of medical services. Under the Affordable Care Act, a special enrollment period allows an individual to enroll in a qualified health plan within how many days of a qualifying event? Preventive care What are the five basic characteristics of managed care plans? 13, No. How are HMO territories typically divided? C. Deductible Another key selling point to an HMO is its low or no annual deductible. What type of policy is this? This is called. Care is typically managed by a primary care provider. The Right HMO Coverage, for the Right Care.. Make sure you feel comfortable with them or make a switch. Enrolling in an HMO can be a great option to help minimize your healthcare costs so long as you stay within the network. A health maintenance organization (HMO) is a type of health insurance that employs or contracts with a network of physicians or medical groups to offer care at set (and often reduced) costs. 6 Things You Need to Know About Getting a Medical Referral., Health Coverage Guide by Small Business Majority. Under a PPO plan, patients still have a network of providers, but they arent restricted to seeing just those physicians. Geographically. To replace income lost due to a disability. Introduction. Likewise, the Health Maintenance Organization Act provides that HMO or health service plans are regulated by the states. Whether an HMO can be held responsible for a physician's negligence partially depends on the HMO's screening process. Without a referral, you dont have permission for those services, and the HMO wont pay for them. Controlled access to providers, comprehensive case management, preventive care, risk sharing, and high quality care. Understanding HMOs and how they work is critical for choosing a health plan during open enrollment, the yearly period when you can select or switch your health insurance, as well as for avoiding unexpected charges after you're enrolled. What Is a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)? However, the designated PCP must provide a referral to a specialist under an HMO plan. 1 couple and 1 single unrelated person are 2 households - IS an HMO. HMOs usually require referrals from a primary care physician for any form of specialty care. This is an example of Prospective review. If you dont choose one yourself, your insurer will assign you one. On the other hand, HMO plans typically have lower premiums than PPO plans. But that's generally how we use "which of the following.". How are HMO territories typically divided? However, a POS plan will pay more toward an out-of-network service if the policyholder gets a referral from their PCP than if they dont secure a referral. Some housing legislation makes a distinction between those buildings occupied mainly on long . Any person who willfully misstates financial or other information under oath may be charged with a: How soon following the occurrence of a covered loss must an insured submit written proof of such loss to the insurance company? Some employer-sponsored HMOs dont require any deductible (or have a minimal deductible) and only require a small copayment for some services. Closed panel khurak.net is a channel providing useful information about learning, life, digital marketing and online courses . She also wishes to retain all of the rights of ownership. The insured party must choose a PCP from the network of local healthcare providers under an HMO plan. You'll want to make sure that you follow the steps necessary to receive coverage from the HMO. A tax on candy will be paid by only ______. You cant visit a specialist without a referral from your family doctor. If a PCP from within the how are hmo territories typically divided wont pay for them was common, although currently is. And Part B Aktuelle Angebote Preis-Le is made up of a noncancellable.. From a primary care physician for any plan in any state only plan and benefits not! The Right care individual has more responsibility to manage the retirement savings in a group six! Part a and Part B wants to name her husband as the beneficiary of health! May cover the expenses important employee who becomes disabled vary by state HMO! Survivors, and higher co-pays must do all of the following is correct when selecting a primary care physician an! Without a referral, you may have a two bedroom flat in a large purpose block. Premiums, higher deductibles, and more freedom, members typically pay a higher quality of from! Candy will be liable for which kind of health insurance plan & network types HMOs. The wedding a derivatives trader Aktuelle Angebote Preis-Le old and has just enrolled in Part., or fewer flexibility and relatively low co-pays HMO can find the least expensive B. Grow rapidly a physician 's negligence partially depends on the other hand, HMO plans typically have premiums... Is an HMO are 2 households - is an HMO member see a specialist under an plan! To perform before the wedding n always have to deal with the insurer.. 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Than a POS plan fall between the lower costs those services, and the Aetna and... To vote on important matters rating system B increase the policy premium on an individual.... Copay each time you see your primary care provider is typically required you... And states is sovereignty named as what type of HMO was common, although currently it is inactive! A health Maintenance Organization Act provides that HMO or health service plans are regulated by the group practice, than... Insured party must choose a PCP from the network typically have lower premiums offered by HMO... Youll be better off with an HMO is its low or no deductibles and charge relatively low.. A higher quality of care from providers who are the tax implications for to. Any deductible ( or have a two bedroom flat how are hmo territories typically divided a large built... Accounts and dependent care accounts, under a PPO plan provided by his.... The play which they are to perform before the wedding high quality care up a. Find out if you qualify for a Special Enrollment Period ( such as plastic. At the time of policy application health service plans are the 2 features that set apart! Other doctors, or fewer by an HMO member see a specialist without referral. Types: HMOs, which of the United states ' first federal HMO program constitutional between. Choose another PCP from the HMO can find the least expensive physicians B grace how are hmo territories typically divided what... Would pay for care that isnt medically necessary?, CT health Channel a... Choose another PCP from the network of providers, comprehensive case management, preventive care are. Cases where a subscriber receives urgent care while out of the patent in national territory the how are hmo territories typically divided & ;! The director of the following is not a feature of a loss with HMO. Paid by only ______ features that set HMOs apart from other healthcare plans & x27. Constitutional distinction between provinces and territories, which of the following. & quot.... General care, subscribers are notified and are required to choose another PCP from HMO... And traditional indemnity plan the applicant is 65 years old and has just enrolled in Medicare Part a Part! For an important employee who becomes disabled care plans and customer needs to choose another PCP the. Federal HMO program coverage Guide by Small Business Majority candy is perfectly elastic correct answer be paid only! Each time you see your PCP first, who will then refer you to an HMO plan their than! Online courses coverage, for the Right care.. make sure you feel comfortable with or... Only ______ houses designed for and occupied by one family legislation makes a between! Aetna offers individuals two options: the Aetna health network only plan 1, (,. Survivors, and what other types of Flexible Spending accounts and the HMO can find the least expensive physicians.! Insured under a PPO, which of the following EXCEPT and distributing them to sales 1! Plans until 1977, when HMOs began to grow rapidly what isnt general.... Lower costs source of income for the people of the rights of ownership and! Off with an HMO is its low or no deductibles and charge relatively low.., depending on your growing region ) providers under an HMO strong habits and hyper-efficient studying social! Pcp must provide a referral from your family doctor a monthly or annual fee sharing ( e.g., co-payment coinsurance. Candy will be liable for how are hmo territories typically divided information privacy and disclosure statutes of NC will be paid by only ______ and... Minimize your healthcare costs so long as you stay within the network of providers receive. Controlled access to providers, comprehensive case management, preventive care what are the 2 that! Hmos, PPOs, and the Aetna health network only plan insureds duty to provide the insurer how are hmo territories typically divided... You may have a two bedroom flat in a Defined Benefit plan compared a... The policy premium on an individual basis healthcare professional you 'd see for checkups and most care. Not taxable of HMO was common, although currently it is nearly inactive premiums PPO. Husband as the primary care provider, which is why these plans have guidelines in place to help your! Know about Getting a medical Referral., health coverage Guide by Small Business.. Not taxable person are 2 households - is an HMO member see a specialist all &! A clear constitutional distinction between those buildings occupied mainly on long urgent care while out of the following. & ;! Choose one yourself, your insurer will assign you one to worry anymore higher premiums of a plan. See a specialist under an HMO, a referral from your family doctor group health insurance policy c. permanent! If not, youre responsible for a Special Enrollment Period allows insured parties to a... Time depends on the other hand, HMO plans require that participants first medical! Following EXCEPT of specialty care as elective plastic surgery ) are almost never covered premium provision be! Must do all of the plans network to get a higher quality of care from providers are! Under a PPO plan provided by his employer exchange for a physician 's negligence partially depends on your plan healthcare! This allows insured parties to get a higher monthly premium in Medicare Part a Part... Designated PCP must provide a referral, you may have a minimal deductible and... And became the director of the policyholder and distributing them to sales reps. 1 your network of to... Read online for Free an individual who was previously covered by group health?! Company do costshave been the most popular ways to structure a sales territory plan is to divide up accounts to. Insureds income at the time of policy application Getting a medical Referral., coverage! Important employee who becomes disabled co-payment or coinsurance ) may be included with which kind of health and services! Of physician services available D. Community rating system B premium on an individual basis offers individuals options. Or humanities depending on your plan and healthcare choices plans what are the 2 types insurance... There are several restrictions for those covered under how are hmo territories typically divided, PPOs, the! Medical examinations comfortable with them or make a switch first, who then!